Mr. Neep is head of the Middle East and North Africa Programme at the Royal United Services Institute for Defense and Security Studies (RUSI), www.rusi.org. (This paper develops arguments first articulated in “Echoes of War: Implications for State, Society and Democracy in the Middle East,” Chapter 3 in War in Iraq: Combat & Consequence, ed. Jonathan Eyal, RUSI Whitehall Paper 59, April 2003; and “Forward Strategies of Freedom in the Middle East,” RUSI News brief, Vol. 23, No. 12, December 2003.)